Class 12 Political Science Chapter 5: Security in the Contemporary World
Welcome to HSLC Guru. This page provides complete NCERT-based question answers for Class 12 Political Science (Contemporary World Politics) Chapter 5 — Security in the Contemporary World, prepared as per the latest ASSEB (Assam State Board of Secondary Education) Class 12 syllabus. The solutions cover traditional and non-traditional notions of security, sources of threat, India’s security strategy, cooperative security, and global security challenges, with extra short questions, long questions, and MCQs for HSLC / Higher Secondary exam preparation.
About the Chapter
Chapter 5 of Class 12 Political Science (Contemporary World Politics) introduces the concept of security in international relations. Security in its most general sense means freedom from threats to core values. The chapter distinguishes between the traditional notion of security — which focuses on military threats, war, deterrence, alliance building, balance of power and disarmament — and the non-traditional notion, which broadens the agenda to include human security and global security concerns such as terrorism, human rights, global poverty, health epidemics, environmental degradation and migration. It also examines new threats like cyber attacks, India’s security strategy, the role of nuclear weapons, treaties such as the NPT and CTBT, the impact of 9/11, and the idea of cooperative security.
Summary
Security means freedom from threats to core values. In the traditional conception, security is mainly external and military. The greatest danger to a country comes from military threats — war, invasion or blockade by another state. Governments respond through three means: deterrence (threatening to retaliate so the enemy does not attack), defence (limiting or ending the war if it occurs) and balance of power with alliance-building. Internal security — protection from civil war, secession or communal violence — also belongs to traditional security. Disarmament, arms control and confidence-building measures are cooperative components of traditional security. Important treaties include the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC, 1972), the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC, 1992), the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT, 1968) and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT, 1996).
The non-traditional conception of security goes beyond military threats and beyond the state. It includes human security (protection of people, not just states) and global security (cooperation against threats no state can solve alone). Major non-traditional threats include terrorism, human rights violations, global poverty, migration and refugees, health epidemics like HIV-AIDS, bird flu and SARS, environmental degradation and cyber threats. Terrorism, particularly after the 9/11 attacks on the United States in 2001, became a central global security concern. Cyber security has emerged as a serious challenge as states, banks, defence systems and individuals become increasingly dependent on digital networks.
India’s security strategy rests on four broad components: (i) strengthening military capability, including nuclear capability — India tested in 1974 and again in 1998; (ii) strengthening international norms and institutions to protect its interests, supporting Asian solidarity, decolonisation, the UN system, NIEO and universal disarmament; (iii) addressing internal security problems through democratic politics that accommodate diverse communities and regions; and (iv) economic development to lift the population out of poverty and inequality. The chapter ends by stressing cooperative security — many present-day threats, from pandemics to climate change to terrorism, are transnational, so cooperation among states, international organisations, NGOs and people is indispensable.
সাৰাংশ (Summary in Assamese)
সুৰক্ষা মানে হ’ল মূল মূল্যবোধৰ ওপৰত হোৱা ভাবুকিৰ পৰা মুক্তি। পাৰম্পৰিক ধাৰণাত সুৰক্ষা মূলতঃ সামৰিক — অন্য ৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ পৰা যুদ্ধ, আক্ৰমণ বা অৱৰোধৰ ভাবুকি। ৰাষ্ট্ৰই ইয়াক প্ৰতিৰোধ (deterrence), প্ৰতিৰক্ষা (defence), শক্তিৰ ভাৰসাম্য আৰু মিত্ৰতা গঢ়াৰ জৰিয়তে মোকাবিলা কৰে। নিৰস্ত্ৰীকৰণ আৰু অস্ত্ৰ নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ চুক্তি যেনে BWC, CWC, NPT, CTBT পাৰম্পৰিক সুৰক্ষাৰ সহযোগমূলক অংশ।
অপাৰম্পৰিক সুৰক্ষাই সামৰিক ভাবুকিৰ বাহিৰে মানৱ সুৰক্ষা আৰু বিশ্ব সুৰক্ষাকো অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত কৰে। ইয়াৰ ভিতৰত আছে সন্ত্ৰাসবাদ, মানৱ অধিকাৰ লঙ্ঘন, বিশ্ব দৰিদ্ৰতা, শৰণাৰ্থী সমস্যা, এইডছ-চাৰ্চ-বাৰ্ড ফ্লুৰ দৰে মহামাৰী, পৰিৱেশ অৱনতি আৰু চাইবাৰ আক্ৰমণ। ২০০১ চনৰ ৯/১১ আক্ৰমণৰ পিছত সন্ত্ৰাসবাদ বিশ্বৰ এক প্ৰধান সমস্যা হৈ পৰিছে। ভাৰতৰ সুৰক্ষা ৰণনীতি সামৰিক সক্ষমতা, আন্তঃৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় সংস্থাৰ সমৰ্থন, অভ্যন্তৰীণ গণতান্ত্ৰিক সমাধান আৰু অৰ্থনৈতিক উন্নয়ন — এই চাৰিটা স্তম্ভত প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত। আজিৰ অধিকাংশ ভাবুকি আন্তৰাষ্ট্ৰীয় হোৱা বাবে সহযোগমূলক সুৰক্ষাৰ ধাৰণাই গুৰুত্ব লাভ কৰিছে।
NCERT Textbook Question Answers
1. Match the terms with their meanings:
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| (i) Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) | (d) A process of exchanging information on defence matters between nations on a regular basis |
| (ii) Arms Control | (c) Regulates the acquisition, development and deployment of weapons |
| (iii) Alliance | (a) A coalition of states that coordinates their actions to deter or defend against military attack |
| (iv) Disarmament | (b) Giving up certain types of weapons |
2. Which among the following statements about security is correct?
(a) Security relates only to military threats.
(b) Security is too broad to mean anything in particular.
(c) Security relates to threats to core values.
(d) Security is a matter of life and death; nothing else matters.
Answer: (c) Security relates to threats to core values.
3. What are the differences between traditional and non-traditional security? Which category would the activities of the Adivasi Cobra Force fit into?
Answer: Traditional security is concerned mainly with the use or threat of military force by one state against another. Its referent object is the state, and its main responses are deterrence, defence, balance of power and alliance building. Non-traditional security goes beyond military threats and includes a wide variety of dangers such as terrorism, poverty, epidemics, environmental degradation, human rights violations and migration. Its referent object is not only the state but also human beings (human security) and the world as a whole (global security). The activities of an internal armed group such as the Adivasi Cobra Force, which threaten internal stability and law and order within India, fit into the traditional security category, specifically internal security.
4. Mention any two dangers that nuclear weapons pose to the world.
Answer: (i) Nuclear weapons can cause mass destruction of human lives and property in a very short period and have long-lasting radiation effects on health and environment. (ii) The proliferation of nuclear weapons among many states, and the possible acquisition by terrorist groups, increases the risk of accidental or intentional nuclear war, which would be catastrophic for the entire world.
5. What are the differences between terrorism and human rights violations?
Answer: Terrorism is the deliberate use of violence — usually by non-state groups — against civilians for political purposes, with the aim of spreading fear and forcing governments to change policies. Hijackings, bombings and hostage taking are common methods. Human rights violations, on the other hand, refer to denial of basic rights of individuals or groups — political rights such as freedom of speech, economic and social rights, or rights of minorities and indigenous peoples. Violations are often committed by states or powerful groups against their own citizens or others, while terrorism is mostly committed by non-state actors against civilians.
6. Use the example of the Indian government’s policies in the past five years to show how the four components of Indian security strategy have been put into practice.
Answer: The four components are: (i) Strengthening military capability — India has modernised its armed forces, conducted nuclear and missile tests, and developed missiles like Agni and BrahMos to deter China and Pakistan. (ii) Strengthening international norms and institutions — India supports the United Nations, demands UN Security Council reform, signs civilian nuclear agreements, and supports universal disarmament and the New International Economic Order. (iii) Addressing internal security problems through a democratic political system — India has used elections, dialogue and accords to deal with movements in Punjab, the Northeast and Jammu and Kashmir. (iv) Economic development — programmes for poverty reduction, MGNREGA, education and infrastructure aim to make people economically secure, since poverty itself is a security threat.
7. The traditional conception of security is different from the non-traditional one. Justify.
Answer: The traditional conception of security treats military threats from other states as the central concern. The state is the referent object — it must be protected through deterrence, defence, alliances, balance of power and arms control. The non-traditional conception broadens both the threats and the referent object. It treats non-military dangers — terrorism, poverty, hunger, disease, environment, human rights, cyber attacks — as equally important. The referent object expands from the state to human beings (human security) and the planet (global security). Solutions emphasise cooperation, development and human well-being rather than weapons alone.
8. How is environment a source of threat to security? Explain.
Answer: Environment has emerged as a serious source of threat to security in many ways. Global warming, melting glaciers and rising sea levels endanger the existence of low-lying countries and islands. Air, water and soil pollution affect human health and food security. Depletion of forests, freshwater, fisheries and biodiversity creates resource scarcity that can lead to migration and conflicts. Disasters such as cyclones, droughts and floods have become more frequent and intense. Environmental degradation thus threatens not only individual life but also the very survival of states and the planet, making it a central concern of non-traditional security.
9. Cooperative security may sometimes involve the use of force as a last resort. Critically evaluate.
Answer: Cooperative security stresses peaceful methods — bilateral and multilateral cooperation, international institutions, NGOs, treaties — to deal with common threats. However, when cooperation fails, when a regime commits genocide, or when terrorists ignore all peaceful overtures, the use of force may be the only way to protect human life. The use of force must, however, be a last resort, must be sanctioned by the international community (preferably the UN Security Council), proportionate, and aimed at restoring peace and protecting victims rather than serving the interests of the powerful. Used unilaterally or carelessly, force can undermine the very idea of cooperative security; used as a genuine collective last resort, it can save lives.
10. Explain the Indian position on the major components of human security.
Answer: India broadly endorses the human security agenda but with a specific emphasis on freedom from want — freedom from poverty, hunger, disease and illiteracy — over the narrower idea of “freedom from fear.” India’s policies link security with development, supporting poverty alleviation, food security, public health programmes and rights-based legislation such as the Right to Education, Right to Information, MGNREGA and food security laws. At the international level, India supports the UN’s human development approach, advocates for South-South cooperation, climate justice and reform of global financial institutions, and continues to defend human rights, multilateralism and equitable globalisation as essential to human security.
Short Answer Questions
1. Define security.
Answer: Security in its most general sense is freedom from threats to core values that a community considers essential for its survival, such as life, sovereignty, territorial integrity and basic well-being.
2. What is meant by deterrence?
Answer: Deterrence is a security policy in which a state convinces a potential attacker that the costs of attack would be unbearably high, so that the attack is prevented before it happens. Nuclear weapons are often cited as instruments of deterrence.
3. What is balance of power?
Answer: Balance of power is a situation in which states ensure that no single state or alliance becomes powerful enough to dominate others. They build up military strength, form alliances or shift partnerships to maintain equilibrium.
4. What is an alliance?
Answer: An alliance is a formal coalition of states that pledge to coordinate their actions, especially their military actions, to deter or defend against attack. Examples include NATO and earlier the Warsaw Pact.
5. What is disarmament?
Answer: Disarmament is the giving up of certain kinds of weapons by states. The Biological Weapons Convention (1972) and the Chemical Weapons Convention (1992) banned the production and possession of these weapons by their signatories.
6. What is the NPT?
Answer: The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 limited the right to legally possess nuclear weapons to the five states that had tested them before 1 January 1967 — USA, USSR (Russia), UK, France and China. Other signatories cannot acquire nuclear weapons but may use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. India has not signed the NPT, calling it discriminatory.
7. What is the CTBT?
Answer: The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), opened for signature in 1996, prohibits all nuclear test explosions in all environments — atmospheric, underwater, underground and outer space. India did not sign it, viewing it as discriminatory and an obstacle to its strategic options.
8. What is human security?
Answer: Human security is the security of people — their physical safety, economic well-being, social rights, dignity and quality of life — rather than only the security of states. The narrow view focuses on freedom from violence, the broader view on freedom from want and freedom from indignity.
9. What is global security?
Answer: Global security refers to security threats that no nation can solve alone — global warming, international terrorism, pandemics, nuclear proliferation, etc. — and which therefore require cooperation among states, international organisations and citizens.
10. What is terrorism?
Answer: Terrorism is the deliberate use of violence, particularly against civilians, to achieve political goals through fear. It includes hijackings, bombings, attacks on public places and hostage-taking. After the 9/11 attacks of 2001, international attention to terrorism increased dramatically.
11. What was 9/11?
Answer: 9/11 refers to the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 in the United States, when hijacked airliners struck the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon, killing nearly 3,000 people. The attacks transformed the global security agenda and led to the US-led “War on Terror.”
12. What is cyber security?
Answer: Cyber security is the protection of computer systems, networks and digital information from theft, damage, espionage and disruption. As governments, banks, hospitals and defence systems rely on the internet, cyber attacks have become a major non-traditional security threat.
13. Mention two health epidemics seen as security threats.
Answer: HIV-AIDS and SARS (and bird flu) are examples of health epidemics that have spread rapidly across borders and threatened both human lives and economic stability, making health a global security concern.
14. Why does India consider poverty a security issue?
Answer: A vast number of Indians live in poverty and face hunger, illiteracy and disease. These conditions endanger human life and dignity, fuel internal unrest and weaken the country, so India treats economic development as a key component of its security strategy.
15. What are confidence-building measures?
Answer: Confidence-building measures (CBMs) are steps such as exchanging information on defence matters, advance notice of military exercises and visits by military officials, taken by states to reduce mistrust and the danger of misunderstanding leading to war.
Long Answer Questions
1. Explain the traditional notion of security with its main components.
Answer: In the traditional notion, security means protecting the state from external military threats. Its main components are: (i) External threats — danger of war, invasion, blockade or coercion by another state. (ii) Deterrence — preventing war by threatening unacceptable retaliation, often through nuclear weapons. (iii) Defence — armed forces, fortifications and strategies to limit and end a war once it starts. (iv) Balance of power — maintaining military strength so that no other state can dominate. (v) Alliance building — coalitions like NATO that coordinate military responses. (vi) Internal security — protection from civil war, secession and communal violence. (vii) Cooperative tools — disarmament, arms control (NPT, CTBT, ABM Treaty) and confidence-building measures, which reduce the danger of war while accepting that states still need military power.
2. Explain the non-traditional notion of security with examples.
Answer: The non-traditional notion of security goes beyond military threats and beyond the state. It looks at threats to human beings (human security) and to the world as a whole (global security). Major threats include: (i) Terrorism — attacks on civilians for political purposes, e.g. 9/11. (ii) Human rights violations — genocide in Rwanda, ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia, suppression of minorities. (iii) Global poverty — over a billion people in extreme poverty, with women and children most affected. (iv) Migration and refugees — fleeing war, persecution and disaster. (v) Health epidemics — HIV-AIDS, SARS, bird flu. (vi) Environmental degradation — climate change, ozone depletion, pollution. (vii) Cyber threats — attacks on critical infrastructure and personal data. Solutions stress cooperation, development and respect for human dignity rather than only military force.
3. Discuss the four components of India’s security strategy.
Answer: India’s security strategy is a combination of traditional and non-traditional approaches with four major components. (i) Strengthening military capability: India has fought wars with Pakistan (1947-48, 1965, 1971, 1999) and China (1962). It has built a large standing army, modernised its weapons and acquired nuclear capability — first test 1974, weapons tests 1998. (ii) Strengthening international norms and institutions: India supports the UN, advocates universal disarmament, the New International Economic Order, Asian solidarity, decolonisation and reform of the Security Council. (iii) Geopolitical solutions to internal security problems: India uses democratic politics — elections, accords, autonomy arrangements — to accommodate diverse regions, languages and communities and address insurgencies in the Northeast, Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir. (iv) Economic development: India treats poverty alleviation, education, health and inclusive growth as part of security, because a large impoverished population would itself become a source of insecurity.
4. Discuss the role of nuclear weapons in contemporary security.
Answer: Nuclear weapons play a contradictory role. On one hand, they serve as instruments of deterrence: states believe that the threat of nuclear retaliation prevents war. On the other hand, they pose unprecedented dangers — accidental launch, unauthorised use, terrorist acquisition, and catastrophic destruction in case of war. Their existence has produced major treaties such as the NPT (1968) and CTBT (1996), but these are seen as discriminatory by India and others because they freeze nuclear privileges in the hands of five powers. Today the focus has shifted toward preventing proliferation, securing nuclear materials, and pursuing eventual disarmament under treaties like New START. The cooperative management of nuclear weapons is now a central concern of contemporary global security.
5. Discuss terrorism as a major source of insecurity in the contemporary world.
Answer: Terrorism is the deliberate, often indiscriminate, use of violence by non-state actors against civilians for political purposes. Although it has existed for centuries, it became central to the global security agenda after the 9/11 attacks of 2001 in the United States, which killed almost 3,000 people. Major terrorist attacks have since occurred in London, Madrid, Mumbai, Paris, Nice, Sri Lanka and many other places. Terrorist groups exploit modern technology — internet, social media, cryptocurrencies — to recruit, fund and execute attacks. Counter-terrorism requires international cooperation in intelligence, law enforcement, financial controls, and addressing the root causes such as political grievances, poverty and ideological extremism. Excessive militarisation of counter-terrorism, however, can undermine human rights and create new grievances, so balance is essential.
6. Explain the idea of cooperative security and its importance.
Answer: Cooperative security is the recognition that today’s main security threats — pandemics, terrorism, climate change, cyber attacks, poverty, migration — cannot be solved by any single state acting alone. They require cooperation among states, international organisations (UN, WHO, WTO), regional bodies (ASEAN, EU, SAARC), NGOs, civil society and private actors. Cooperative security may include treaties, joint operations, exchange of information, peacekeeping missions, humanitarian assistance and economic aid. It privileges peaceful means but does not rule out force as a last resort, ideally under UN authorisation. The COVID-19 pandemic, the global financial crisis and climate negotiations have all demonstrated that nations are interdependent and that cooperative approaches are not only ethically right but practically necessary.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. Security in its most general sense means:
(a) Buying more weapons
(b) Freedom from threats to core values
(c) Military victory
(d) Economic growth
Answer: (b) Freedom from threats to core values
2. The traditional concept of security focuses mainly on:
(a) Environmental threats
(b) Terrorism
(c) Military threats
(d) Health epidemics
Answer: (c) Military threats
3. Which of the following is a component of traditional security?
(a) Climate change
(b) Deterrence
(c) Pandemics
(d) Cyber attacks
Answer: (b) Deterrence
4. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed in:
(a) 1945 (b) 1968 (c) 1972 (d) 1996
Answer: (b) 1968
5. The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty was opened for signature in:
(a) 1968 (b) 1972 (c) 1992 (d) 1996
Answer: (d) 1996
6. The Biological Weapons Convention came into force in:
(a) 1968 (b) 1972 (c) 1992 (d) 1996
Answer: (b) 1972
7. The Chemical Weapons Convention was signed in:
(a) 1968 (b) 1972 (c) 1992 (d) 1996
Answer: (c) 1992
8. India conducted its first nuclear test in:
(a) 1962 (b) 1971 (c) 1974 (d) 1998
Answer: (c) 1974
9. India conducted its second series of nuclear tests in:
(a) 1990 (b) 1995 (c) 1998 (d) 2002
Answer: (c) 1998
10. Which event made terrorism the central global security issue?
(a) Cuban Missile Crisis
(b) Fall of the Berlin Wall
(c) 9/11 attacks of 2001
(d) Gulf War 1991
Answer: (c) 9/11 attacks of 2001
11. Which of the following is a non-traditional security threat?
(a) Inter-state war
(b) Pandemic disease
(c) Border invasion
(d) Naval blockade
Answer: (b) Pandemic disease
12. Human security is concerned mainly with:
(a) Security of the state
(b) Security of nuclear weapons
(c) Security of people
(d) Security of borders
Answer: (c) Security of people
13. Global security refers to threats that:
(a) Affect only one country
(b) Cannot be solved by one nation alone
(c) Are entirely military
(d) Are imaginary
Answer: (b) Cannot be solved by one nation alone
14. NATO is an example of:
(a) Disarmament treaty
(b) Military alliance
(c) Trade bloc
(d) NGO
Answer: (b) Military alliance
15. Confidence-building measures aim to:
(a) Increase weapon stockpiles
(b) Reduce mistrust between states
(c) Promote terrorism
(d) Discourage trade
Answer: (b) Reduce mistrust between states
16. India has not signed which of the following?
(a) UN Charter (b) NPT and CTBT (c) BWC (d) UDHR
Answer: (b) NPT and CTBT
17. Which of the following is NOT a method of terrorism?
(a) Hijacking
(b) Hostage-taking
(c) Bombings
(d) Diplomatic negotiation
Answer: (d) Diplomatic negotiation
18. Cyber security relates to:
(a) Protecting borders
(b) Protecting computer networks and data
(c) Building dams
(d) Forming alliances
Answer: (b) Protecting computer networks and data
19. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in:
(a) 1945 (b) 1948 (c) 1968 (d) 1972
Answer: (b) 1948
20. Which of the following is an example of internal security threat in India?
(a) Terrorism in Punjab during the 1980s
(b) Border war with China
(c) Korean War
(d) Soviet collapse
Answer: (a) Terrorism in Punjab during the 1980s
21. Genocide in Rwanda took place in:
(a) 1984 (b) 1994 (c) 2001 (d) 2011
Answer: (b) 1994
22. Disarmament means:
(a) Acquiring weapons
(b) Giving up certain weapons
(c) Selling weapons
(d) Testing weapons
Answer: (b) Giving up certain weapons
23. Which of the following is a global environmental security concern?
(a) Civil war
(b) Global warming
(c) Nuclear test
(d) Border dispute
Answer: (b) Global warming
24. Cooperative security stresses:
(a) Use of force only
(b) Withdrawal from international affairs
(c) Joint action and peaceful means
(d) Increasing nuclear weapons
Answer: (c) Joint action and peaceful means
25. The five recognised nuclear weapon states under the NPT are:
(a) USA, Russia, UK, France, China
(b) USA, India, Pakistan, China, Russia
(c) USA, Russia, Israel, North Korea, India
(d) USA, China, Japan, India, France
Answer: (a) USA, Russia, UK, France, China
Traditional vs Non-Traditional Security
| Basis | Traditional Security | Non-Traditional Security |
|---|---|---|
| Main concern | Military threats from other states | Non-military threats and human well-being |
| Referent object | The state | People (human security) and the world (global security) |
| Sources of threat | War, invasion, blockade, internal armed conflict | Terrorism, poverty, epidemics, environment, cyber, refugees, human rights abuses |
| Means | Deterrence, defence, alliance, balance of power, arms control | Cooperation, development, dialogue, international institutions, NGO action |
| Time frame | Short-term, crisis-driven | Long-term and structural |
| Scope | National | Transnational and global |
| Examples of treaties / efforts | NPT, CTBT, BWC, CWC, NATO, SALT, START | Paris Climate Agreement, SDGs, WHO, UNHCR, counter-terror cooperation |
Key Terms
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Security | Freedom from threats to core values |
| Traditional security | Concept focusing on military threats to the state |
| Non-traditional security | Concept covering non-military threats to people and the world |
| Deterrence | Preventing attack by threat of retaliation |
| Defence | Limiting and ending a war once it begins |
| Balance of power | Ensuring no state becomes dominant |
| Alliance | Coalition of states for joint military action |
| Disarmament | Giving up certain types of weapons |
| Arms control | Regulating acquisition and deployment of weapons |
| Confidence-building measures | Steps to reduce mistrust between states |
| NPT | Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968) |
| CTBT | Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (1996) |
| BWC | Biological Weapons Convention (1972) |
| CWC | Chemical Weapons Convention (1992) |
| Human security | Security of people — life, dignity, basic needs |
| Global security | Security against transnational threats requiring cooperation |
| Terrorism | Political violence aimed at civilians to spread fear |
| 9/11 | Terror attacks on the US on 11 September 2001 |
| Cyber security | Protection of digital networks and information |
| Cooperative security | Joint, peaceful action to manage common threats |
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